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          "articleBody": "The Human Rights Campaign, an L.G.B.T.Q. advocacy group, said the ruling was disappointing, but emphasized that it does not create an automatic nationwide ban on transgender athletes. “We must all call on states to adopt inclusive policies so that no one gets left behind for being their authentic selves,’’ Kelley Robinson, the group’s president, said in a statement.",
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          "articleBody": "Kristen Waggoner, the president of the Alliance Defending Freedom, which defended the bans in Idaho and West Virginia, said the 23 states that do not currently prohibit transgender athletes from playing girls’ sports should expect to be targetted by conservative advocates. “Blue states with boys on girls’ podiums... you’re next,’’ she posted on social media after the ruling. ",
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          "articleBody": "In a statement, one of the lawyers for the transgender athletes, Joshua Block with the A.C.L.U., called the court’s decision a “heartbreaking ruling for our clients and transgender girls like them, who have asked for nothing more than the same opportunities afforded to their peers.” ",
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          "headline": "Update from Amy Harmon",
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          "articleBody": "The 27 states that have enacted bans on trans athletes over the last six years all had Republican-led legislatures. But ballot questions addressing transgender athlete participation are moving forward in Colorado and Washington, both Democratic-led states. A similar measure was originally cleared to appear before Maine voters this November, but the state’s Democratic secretary of state recently removed it, citing evidence that thousands of petition signatures submitted by the measure’s proponents were not valid.",
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          "datePublished": "2026-06-30T14:59:21.000Z",
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          "headline": "Update from Juliet Macur",
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          "articleBody": "The conservative justices’ ruling called it “reasonable” to maintain separate sports teams for biological males, rather than allowing trans girls to compete on existing girls’ teams. It ensures that the competition is fair, the justices wrote, adding that allowing only biological females to play against one another “can reduce the risk of physical injury and ensure fair competition.” ",
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          "headline": "The plaintiff in the case recently won the W.Va. state championship in shot put.",
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              "caption": "Becky Pepper-Jackson also placed fourth in discus throw at the West Virginia state track and field championships last month.",
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          "articleBody": "In the weeks before the Supreme Court issued its ruling, the transgender girl who challenged West Virginia’s ban on her participation on girls’ sports teams won first place in the shot put at the state high school track and field championships. Becky Pepper-Jackson, now a 15-year-old high school sophomore, also placed fourth in discus in the May 26 competition .Her success prompted criticism from the state’s governor, who said the outcome underscored the need for the state law barring transgender females from joining girls’ and women’s sports teams. Gov. Patrick Morrissey, a Republican, did not name Ms. Pepper-Jackson, but she is believed to be the only person in the state to whom the restrictions apply.The outcome of the championship, the governor wrote on Facebook, “confirms the fundamental unfairness of letting boys compete in girls’ sports. It’s just plain wrong to allow a boy to participate and win a girls’ sporting event.”“I’m confident that our West Virginia case will ultimately prevail at the Supreme Court and expect we will hear more definitively soon,” he added.Ms. Pepper-Jackson was 11 years old and a mediocre runner when she initially sued the state over its law. In legal filings, her lawyers described how she routinely finished “near the back of the pack” in cross-country races. Her improvement on the field and decision to take up shot put and discus made her case more challenging.The high school activities commission that organized the competition at the University of Charleston also issued a statement in response to questions about Ms. Pepper-Jackson’s victory, saying that she had competed under a federal court order, which the association “fully complies with.”The West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission said it would have no additional comment until after the Supreme Court ruled “and the organization has had the opportunity to review it.”",
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          "headline": "Update from Juliet Macur",
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          "articleBody": "Gov. Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia, where Becky Pepper-Jackson sought to participate in girls’ track and field events, applauded the Supreme Court’s decision. In a statement posted online, he called it “one of the most important victories for women’s athletics since the enactment of Title IX itself.” He added, “Future generations of female athletes will benefit from the certainty, fairness and opportunity this decision protects.”",
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          "headline": "Update from Amy Harmon",
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          "articleBody": "Supporters of the bans said the ruling would make sports fair and safer for girls and women. “This is a victory for every girl who refused to stay quiet in the face of injustice,’’ said Kriten Waggoner, president of Alliance Defending Freedom, the conservative legal group that has helped to defend Idaho and West Virginia’s laws. “Men cannot be women.”",
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          "headline": "Update from Adam Liptak",
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          "articleBody": "Justice Sonia Sotomayor, writing for the three Democratic appointees, issues a partial dissent. She agrees with the majority that state bans on transgender athletes do not violate Title IX, which prohibits sex-based discrimination in schools. But she says that Becky Pepper-Jackson should have been allowed to pursue her constitutional challenge to the ban under equal protection principles, in light of her particular circumstances.",
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          "articleBody": "A pressing question now is how sports officials will determine if competitors are girls and women, as defined by the opinion. While gender verification testing — a long-vilified and intrusive practice — has resumed at the Olympic level, how will grade schools, middle schools and high schools conduct those tests? And will everyone be tested, or just the athletes who draw suspicion?",
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          "articleBody": "Parker Tirrell, a transgender high school student in New Hampshire who has separately challenged President Trump’s order banning trans girl athletes, said her response to the ruling was “sheer disappointment.’’ A 2024 law in her state blocks transgender girls in grades 5 through 12 from participating in girls’ sports.",
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          "headline": "Update from Ann Marimow",
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          "articleBody": "Justice Kavanaugh, a longtime girls’ basketball coach, wrote the majority opinion. He says states “may maintain women’s and girls’ sports for biological females,” but ends by saying that the transgender athletes who want to compete deserve respect. “No student-athlete on either side of the issue, whether a biological female or transgender, deserves to be ostracized or vilified.”",
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          "headline": "Update from Amy Harmon",
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          "articleBody": "Even though it’s one of the most politically unpopular trans rights issues, affecting a very small number of people, many advocates argued that it was important to defend their participation in high school and college sports, because it would set a precedent that would quickly be applied in other areas.",
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          "headline": "Update from Juliet Macur",
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          "articleBody": "The ruling upholding the West Virginia law effectively ends the high school sports career of Becky Pepper-Jackson, one of the litigants in the case. She was just 11, and was a middle-of-the-pack runner, when she first sued to continue participating on her school’s track and field team. In May, as a sophomore, she won the state championship in shot put.",
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          "headline": "The ruling on laws from West Virginia and Idaho has implications for 25 other states with similar restrictions.",
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          "articleBody": "The Supreme Court on Tuesday upheld two state laws barring the participation of transgender female athletes from girls’ and women’s sports teams.The court’s ruling deals with laws from West Virginia and Idaho but has implications for the 25 other states with similar restrictions, and for athletes who compete in school and collegiate sports nationwide.The Trump administration, which backed the state bans, has targeted the participation of transgender athletes in sports amid a national pushback to expanding rights for transgender people. President Trump directed federal agencies last year to withdraw funding from schools that allow transgender athletes in girls’ and women’s sports.The cases attracted intense public interest with Olympians and other elite athletes watching closely, and submitting legal briefs in support of each side. In March, the International Olympic Committee barred transgender athletes from competing in the women’s category of the Olympics and said that all participants in those events must undergo genetic testing. The N.C.A.A. announced last year that it would bar trans women from competing in women’s sports.At the Supreme Court, Becky Pepper-Jackson, a high school student from West Virginia, and Lindsay Hecox, a college student in Idaho, challenged their respective state’s laws, which both required that participation on sports teams for girls be based on “biological sex,” defined as a person’s birth sex.Tuesday’s ruling divided the court along ideological lines, with the conservative majority allowing states to determine eligibility for women’s and girls’ sports based on biological sex.The Constitution and Title IX “do not require an overhaul of women’s and girls’ sports throughout America,” wrote Justice Brett M. Kavanaugh, a longtime girls’ basketball coach, who concluded the majority opinion by emphasizing that the desire of transgender female athletes to compete “warrants respect.”“No student-athlete on either side of the issue, whether a biological female or transgender, deserves to be ostracized or vilified,” he wrote.The court’s three liberal justices agreed with the majority that such laws do not violate Title IX, the federal law which has led to major increases in opportunities and participation for women in sports. But they said their colleagues had prematurely ended the litigation without allowing lower courts to determine whether Ms. Pepper-Jackson has an athletic advantage over biological women.“These circumstances demand exercising judicial restraint, not rushing to answer conclusively difficult questions without sufficient evidentiary development,” wrote Justice Sonia Sotomayor. The majority, she added, “inflicts a hardship on those it disfavors without giving them the fair and full opportunity the Constitution requires.”Lower courts had blocked enforcement of the laws, allowing Ms. Pepper-Jackson, 16, to compete on her high school track team while the litigation was underway. She is the only known athlete in West Virginia who would be subject to the law, and the court’s decision means she will no longer be allowed to participate on the girls’ team.In both cases, the athletes asserted that the state laws violate the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection, which requires the government to have valid reasons for treating people differently. Ms. Pepper-Jackson, who initially sued to join her middle school’s girls’ cross-country team when she was 11, also claimed that West Virginia’s statute violates the federal Title IX statute by denying her access to the school’s athletic program and treating her worse than her peers.In a statement, one of the lawyers for the athletes called the court’s decision a “heartbreaking ruling for our clients and transgender girls like them who’ve asked for nothing more than the same opportunities afforded to their peers.” said Joshua Block, senior counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union’s L.G.B.T.Q. and H.I.V. Project.Lawyers for the states and the Trump administration had countered that the participation of transgender female athletes threatens to undermine five decades of progress since the passage of Title IX. A small percentage of Americans, about 1. 3 percent , identify as trans and an even smaller number participate in competitive sports.Gov. Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia called the decision “one of the most important victories for women’s athletics since the enactment of Title IX itself.” He added: “This began in West Virginia, but its impact reaches every corner of the country. Future generations of female athletes will benefit from the certainty, fairness and opportunity this decision protects.”Mr. Trump also cheered the Supreme Court’s ruling on social media, writing, “Wow! That takes that ridiculous situation off the table!!!”Efforts to bar transgender athletes from women’s sports have seen broad support in polls. A New York Times/Ipsos poll conducted last year found that nearly 80 percent of Americans, including two-thirds of Democrats, opposed allowing transgender women to compete in women’s sports.The Supreme Court had not previously addressed the legal issues surrounding transgender athletes, but has moved against transgender rights in other areas in recent years. After protecting transgender people from workplace discrimination in a 2020 decision written by Justice Neil M. Gorsuch, a Trump appointee, the court in June upheld a Tennessee law that prohibits certain medical treatments for transgender adolescents. Last May, the conservative majority also allowed the president to start enforcing a ban on transgender troops in the military.During oral arguments in the cases from West Virginia and Idaho, the justices grappled with concerns about fairness, scientific uncertainty and discrimination, and seemed to divide along ideological lines. They grappled with questions about when boys and girls can legally be treated differently.Two appeals courts had sided with the student athletes and prevented the laws from being enforced.In Idaho, a federal judge said that promoting equal athletic opportunities for men and women was an important government interest, but that categorically barring Ms. Hecox did not advance those goals because of the medical treatment she receives. She is treated with testosterone suppression and estrogen that she argued reduced any competitive advantage she might otherwise hold.Ms. Hecox had tried to drop her case before it reached the Supreme Court because she has stopped playing women’s sports. The justices had deferred a decision about what to do with her case until after argument.In West Virginia, a district court judge, Joseph R. Goodwin, upheld the state law. He found that it did not violate the Constitution or Title IX, and concluded that “it is generally accepted that, on average, males outperform females athletically because of inherent physical differences between the sexes.”But a divided panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit said the law could not be enforced against Ms. Pepper-Jackson, specifically, in part because she said medication has prevented her from going through male puberty.",
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